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General Scholium
The General Scholium is an essay written by Isaac Newton, appended to his work of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the ''Principia''. ''General Scholium'' was first published with the second (1713) edition of the ''Principia'' and reappeared with some additions and modifications on the third (1726) edition.〔The ''General Scholium'' online, trans. Andrew Motte, 1729. ().〕 It is best known for the "Hypotheses non fingo" ("I do not frame hypotheses") expression, which Newton used as a response to some of the criticism received after the release of the first edition (1687).
In the essay Newton not only counters the natural philosophy of René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz, but also addresses scientific methodology, theological and metaphysical issues.
== Rejecting Cartesian vortices ==
In the first paragraph of the ''General Scholium'', Newton attacks René Descartes' model of the solar system. Descartes and his supporters were followers of mechanical philosophy, a form of natural philosophy popular in the 17th century which maintained that nature and natural beings act similar to machines. In his book ''The World'', Descartes suggests that the creation of the solar system and the circular motion of the planets around the Sun can be explained with the phenomena of "swirling vortices".〔Descartes, René. ''The World and Other Writings''. Trans. Stephen Gaukroger. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.〕 Descartes also claimed that the world is made out of tiny "corpuscles" of matter, and that no vacuum could exist.〔Shea, William. ''The Magic of Numbers and Motion: The Scientific Career of René Descartes'', Canton, MA: Science History Publications, 1991.〕
Descartes' model did not cohere with the ideas introduced in the first edition of the ''Principia'' (1687). Newton simply rejected Descartes' "corpuscles and vortices" theory and suggested that gravitational force acts upon celestial bodies regardless of the vast empty interstellar space in between.〔James E. McClellan III and Harold Dorn, ''Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, p. 258.〕 Newton was publicly criticised by Cartesians on this non-mechanistic theory. As a response to this criticism, Newton argued that Descartes' Vortices cannot explain the unique movement of comets. He sums up the paragraph with the words:
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